Changes in Rumen Characteristics and Fecal Consistency of Crossbred Buck Kids Fed Goat, Cattle, Buffalo Milk, Milk Replacer, and Soybean-Goat Milk

Authors

  • Armando B. M. Afonso National University of Timor Lorosa’e, Dili
  • Cesar C. Sevilla University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
  • Amado A. Angeles University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
  • Jose A. N. Bautista University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna
  • Josefina T. Dizon University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v5i9.127

Keywords:

Rumen Characteristics, Crossbred Buck Kids, Milk Replacer, Fecal Consistency, Milk Sources

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of different milk sources on rumen characteristics and fecal consistency of crossbred buck kids. Thirty newborn male crossbred kids were assigned to five treatments with six replicates: goat milk, cattle milk, buffalo milk, milk replacer, and 50% soybean milk + 50% goat milk. The experiment was conducted from March to October 2017. Growth performance, rumen development, papillary characteristics, histological changes, and fecal consistency were evaluated during pre- and post-weaning stages. Results showed that milk sources affected rumen papillary development and growth performance during the pre-weaning stage. Goat milk resulted in the highest feed intake and growth performance, while cattle milk and milk replacer were economical alternatives without negative effects on kid development.

References

Baldwin, R. L., & Connor, E. E. (2017). Rumen function and development. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 33(3), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.06.001 (PubMed).

Baldwin, R. L., McLeod, K. R., Klotz, J. L., & Heitmann, R. N. (2004). Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and postweaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, E55–E65. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70061-2.

Belanche, A., Doreau, M., Edwards, J. E., Moorby, J. M., Pinloche, E., & Newbold, C. J. (2020). Shifts in the rumen microbiota due to early-life nutritional management and implications for ruminant health and performance. Animal Microbiome, 2, Article 12.

Celi, P., Verlhac, V., Calvo, E. P., Schmeisser, J., & Kluenter, A. M. (2021). Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 273, 114752.

Cho, Y. I., & Yoon, K. J. (2014). An overview of calf diarrhea: Infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1.

Connor, E. E., Baldwin, R. L., Li, C., Li, R. W., & Chung, H. (2013). Gene expression in bovine rumen epithelium during weaning identifies molecular regulators of rumen development and growth. Functional & Integrative Genomics, 13, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-012-0308-x.

Dias, R. S., Marcondes, M. I., Noronha, M. F., Resende, R. T., Machado, F. S., & Mantovani, H. C. (2022). Early-life nutrition and rumen development in young ruminants: Implications for animal performance. Animal Nutrition, 8(4), 426–438.

Franco, A., Masot, J., Aguado, M. C., Gómez, L., & Redondo, E. (2004). Morphometric and histological study of the rumen of goat kids during development. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 33, 180–188.

Górka, P., Kowalski, Z. M., Pietrzak, P., Kotunia, A., Jagusiak, W., & Zabielski, R. (2018). Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by early feeding strategies? Animal Feed Science and Technology, 245, 25–34.

Guo, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, J. (2023). Plant protein-based ingredients in animal nutrition: Effects on digestion, metabolism, and gut health. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, Article 1187456.

Hassan, M. R., Sultana, S., & Islam, M. (2018). Effect of milk replacer feeding on growth performance and economic efficiency of goat kids. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Advances, 17(4), 120–127.

Khan, M. A., Bach, A., Weary, D. M., & von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2016). Invited review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(11), 8850–8863.

Li, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & colleagues. (2024). Nutritional intervention regulates rumen morphology, microbial characteristics, and growth performance in goat kids. Frontiers in Microbiology.

Liu, X., Wang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Effects of soybean-derived ingredients on gastrointestinal development and microbial activity in young animals. Animal Nutrition, 7(4), 1230–1240.

Malmuthuge, N., & Guan, L. L. (2017). Understanding the gut microbiome of dairy calves: Opportunities to improve animal health. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 8, Article 39.

Matthews, J. (2016). Diseases of the goat (3rd ed.). Wiley Blackwell.

Meale, S. J., Chaucheyras-Durand, F., Guan, L. L., & Steele, M. A. (2021). From pre-weaning to weaning: Microbial and metabolic changes affecting rumen development in young ruminants. Animal Microbiome, 3, Article 62.

Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., Garner, P., Holgate, S. T., Howells, D. W., Karp, N. A., Lazic, S. E., Lidster, K., MacCallum, C. J., Macleod, M., Pearl, E. J., ... Würbel, H. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biology, 18(7), e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410.

Rico-Costilla, M., Hernández, J., & Martínez, G. (2024). Effects of artificial milk feeding systems on growth performance and digestive development in goat kids. Small Ruminant Research.

Samsi, D., Darus, M., & Zainum, M. (2012). Diarrhea occurrence and management in young ruminants. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.

Soberon, F., Raffrenato, E., Everett, R. W., & Van Amburgh, M. E. (2021). Preweaning milk replacer feeding strategies and their effects on nutrient utilization and development of young ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(5), 5650–5664.

Steele, M. A., Dionissopoulos, L., & AlZahal, O. (2022). Early dietary factors affecting rumen epithelial development and metabolic function in young ruminants. Animal Frontiers, 12(5), 20–28.

Van Soest, P. J. (2018). Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (3rd ed.). Cornell University Press.

Villot, C., Meunier, B., Bodin, J. P., Martin, C., & Silberberg, M. (2020). Early-life nutrition and microbiota development in ruminants: Consequences for digestive function and animal health. Animal, 14(S1), s87–s98.

Wang, Y., Li, X., Zhang, H., & colleagues. (2024). Nutritional supplementation affects gut health, rumen fermentation, and microbial profiles of dairy goat kids. Journal of Animal Science.

Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R., Abecia, L., & Newbold, C. J. (2019). Manipulating rumen microbiota and fermentation through early-life nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 1–12.

Zaki, M. S., Ibrahim, I. A., & Sharaf, M. M. (2010). Infectious diarrhea in goat kids under intensive production systems. Veterinary World, 3(8), 365–368.

Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, J., & colleagues. (2025). Early-life nutritional strategies regulate rumen morphological development and fermentation capacity in young ruminants. Animal Nutrition.

Žitňan, R., Kuhla, S., Sanftleben, P., Bilska, A., Schneider, F., Zupcanova, M., & Voigt, J. (1998). Influence of dietary factors on rumen development and fermentation capacity in young ruminants. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 80, 1–12.

Published

2026-09-30